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HomeMy WebLinkAboutPILES INTEGRITY- Low Strain Dynamic Impact Integrity Report - Piles 31 46 55 63 71 88 and 128 - Cristelle Cay Condominium WKC SSApplied Foundation Testing
Specializing in STATNAMICTm Load Testing,
AFT-CELLTM Bi-Directional Load Testing
Dynamic and Static Load Testing, Non -Destructive Testing
Instrumentation and Geotechnical Engineering
October 6, 2021
Mr. Ray Aquit,
Atlas Piles
ray@atlascco.com
(Cell): 305.310.9929
Subject: Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing Report
Cristelle Cay Condominium
Production Piles 31, 46, 55, 63, 71, 88 and 128
AFT Project No. 221092
Mr. Ray,
Enclosed please find our Report of Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing which summarizes the low strain impact
data collected of piles 31, 46, 55, 63, 71, 88 and 128. Low strain dynamic testing was accomplished in general
accordance with ASTM D5882, Pulse Echo Method (PEM).
We appreciate the opportunity to assist you with this project. If you have any questions, please contact us at your
convenience.
Respectfully,
Applied Foundation Testing, LLC
Josias Ouedraogo
Geotechnical Engineer
Wing Kong Cha, PE.
Geotechnical Engineer
FL PE License No. 91424
FBPE CA No. 33355
� KONG' Digitally signed by Wing Kong
`. ....... �h
EN3F..9 Cha
' DN: c=US, o=Florida,
*i No.91424 '* : dnQualifier=A01410C0000017
- A1A283CB200004705,
q�•'• STATE OF ••��� cn=Wing Kong Cha
O��SS'coa o aG`?� Date: 2021.10.0615:51.45
ONAL" \-04'00'
This item has been digitally signed and sealed
by Wing Kong Cha, PE on October 6, 2021.
Printed copies of this document are not
considered signed and sealed and the signature
must be verified on any electronic copies.
4 © (727) 376-5040 O 2345 Success Drive
Odessa, FL 33556
www.TESTPILE.com
APPLIED
FOUNDATION
AFT TESTING
Specialty Geotechnical Services
Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing Report
Cristelle Cay Condominium
Production Piles 31, 46, 55, 63, 71, 88 and 128
AFT Project No. 221092
October 6, 2021 1 Page 2
Report of Low Strain Integrity Testing
In Accordance with ASTM D 5882
General Information
Date:
October 4, 2021
AFT Project No.:
221092
Project Description:
Cristelle Cay Condominium
Client Name:
Atlas Piles
Client Address:
Miami, Florida
Client Contact:
Ray Aquit
Test Date:
October 1, 2021
Test Equipment
Manufacturer:
Pile Integrity Testing (PIT)
Manufactured by: Pile Dynamics, Inc.
AFT Field Personnel:
Amrish Surendran
AFT Responsible Engineer:
Freddy Power, P.E.
Provided DeepFoundation Information
Foundation Type
Pile Number
Design
Diameter
in
Estimated
Actual Length
ft
Installation Date
Cast -In -Place
31
14.0
40.0
08/27/2021
Cast -In -Place
46
14.0
40.0
09/02/2021
Cast -In -Place
55
14.0
40.0
09/03/2021
Cast -In -Place
63
14.0
40.0
09/08/2021
Cast -In -Place
71
14.0
40.0
09/09/2021
Cast -In -Place
88
14.0
40.0
09/13/2021
Cast -In -Place
128
14.0
40.0
09/16/2021
Installation Records provided to AFT
Soil Borings provided to AFT
Yes Attached
No ❑
Yes F-1
No
Attached F I
© (727) 376 5040 O Odessa, FL 33556 Drive O www.TESTPILE.com
APPLIED
FOUNDATION
AFT TESTING
Specialty Geotechnical Services
Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing Report
Cristelle Cay Condominium
Production Piles 31, 46, 55, 63, 71, 88 and 128
AFT Project No. 221092
October 6, 2021 1 Page 3
Results Summary
Impact
Estimated
Depth of Toe
Pile ID
Diagram
Wave
Speed
Reflection
Below Sensor
Comments/ Integrity Recommendation
Figure No.
s
ft
31
Good top impact. Relatively uniform velocities
(Impacting
1
11,698
—40
through pile length. Toe reflection near
on Pile Top)
reported depth. Data suggests pile is
continuous and of good integrity
46
Good top impact. Relatively uniform velocities
(Impacting
2
11,700
—40
through pile length. Toe reflection near
on Pile Top)
reported depth. Data suggests pile is
continuous and of good integrity
55
Good top impact. Relatively uniform velocities
(Impacting
3
11,700
—40
through pile length. Toe reflection near
on Pile Top)
reported depth. Data suggests pile is
continuous and of good integrity
63
Good top impact. Relatively uniform velocities
(Impacting
4
11,650
—40
through pile length. Data does not indicate a
on Pile Top)
clear toe reflection
71
Good top impact. Relatively uniform velocities
(Impacting
5
11,800
—40
through pile length. Toe reflection near
on Pile Top)
reported depth. Data suggests pile is
continuous and of good integrity
88
Good top impact. Relatively uniform velocities
(Impacting
6
11,850
—40
through pile length. Data does not indicate a
on Pile Top)
clear toe reflection
128
Good top impact. Relatively uniform velocities
(Impacting
7
11,630
—40
through pile length. Toe reflection near
on Pile Top)
reported depth. Data suggests pile is
continuous and of good integrity
Low Strain Integrity Testing - Interpretation
This report is provided to summarize the results of Low Strain Integrity Testing (PIT) on seven (7) cast -in -
place (CIP) production piles at Cristelle Cay Condominium Florida. Low Strain Integrity Testing was
performed to evaluate the integrity of the foundation in situ. The tests were performed with the sensor and
impact on the pile top. This final report includes a description of the testing procedure used, graphical
summary of the test results and our interpretation of the results.
The testing sequence (please refer to ASTM D5882 for a detailed discussion of the test method) included
accelerometer placement on the pile top. Impacts were generated at the top of the pile near the
accelerometer location with a hand-held hammer and the wave characteristics evaluated, Pulse Echo
Method (PEM). Many impact signals were obtained until only the most reproducible and clear signals were
collected on the field computer for later post processing. Post processing consisted of exponentially
amplifying the signals to overcome damping from skin friction and emphasize the toe reflection. Filtering
was also performed on the signals to eliminate high frequencies or noise.
The production piles had nominal diameters of 14-inch and lengths of 40 feet. The pile material
compression wave velocities used were ranging from 11,630 ft/sec to 11,850 ft/sec, which falls withing
0
© (727) 376 5040 O Odessa, FL 33556 Drive O www.TESTPILE.com
APPLIED
FOUNDATION
AFT TESTING
Specialty Geotechnical Services
Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing Report
Cristelle Cay Condominium
Production Piles 31, 46, 55, 63, 71, 88 and 128
AFT Project No. 221092
October 6, 2021 1 Page 4
the generally accepted limits of stress wave speed in relationship to the concrete strength testing results.
The impact diagrams shown in this report display the velocity signal as a function of length.
In general, the evaluation is based on relative changes in the velocity traces. Since a data set obtained from
each pile is unique, there is not a "standard" method for interpretation. Therefore, this evaluation is largely
based on our experience and engineering judgment.
Piles 31,46,55,71,and 128 exhibited relative uniform velocities throughout their lengths,toe reflection can
be identified near to the reported pile length and wave speed within acceptable range. The data indicates
overall good continuity and integrity of the piles.
Piles 63 and 88 exhibited relative uniform velocities throughout their lengths. However, the data is
unconclusive because it did not indicate a clear toe reflection. Note that inconclusive data does not indicate
an integrity issue but is a result of the test limitations inherent for this test method. In such cases, it is
recommended to rely on the installation record for the portion of the data that is inconclusive.
Limitations
This report presents test measurements made by Applied Foundation Testing, Inc. Interpretations were made
based upon the measurements made by AFT with the latest techniques available and currently accepted
standards of care recognized by Geotechnical Engineering professionals. The pile integrity and length
evaluations from this data may vary from actual conditions due to limitations of the test method. It is therefore
imperative that the client use engineering judgment in conjunction with all the available information from the
site including geotechnical data, construction records, and this data.
© (727) 376 5040 O Odessa, FL 33556 Drive O www.TESTPILE.com
Pile Dynamics, Inc. - Demo Version 10/6/2021
FT PIERCE CONDO
CA ... \Downloads\FT PIERCE CONDO WKC.PIT PIT-W 2009-2
in/s Pile: P31 SH PART 10 - 3: # 41+6%
0.30 ACC-W, HAM-E, WT 2.0 LB
14" 40FT 2LB
9/30/2021 4:40:47 PM
0.15 ___ - ___�i-__1___�__�___ i__ -�___r___�___i 2W 10.00 ft 584.9 Hz
0.00
x 24.00 L/D=34 (D=14 in)
-0.15 40.00 ft (11698 ft/s)- V+ 0.251 in/s (0.468)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 ft
0.30 in/s Pile: P46 SH PART 4 - 3: # 65 ACC-E, HAM-C, WT 2.0 LB
14" 40FT 2LB HAMMER
9/30/2021 4: 30: 23 PM
0.15 _L___i___�___1___I�__ �i___1___L______�___ 2W 10.66 ft 548.8 Hz
0.00
x 15.00 UD=34 (D=14 in)
-0.15 40.00 ft (11700 ft/s)� V+ 0.132 in/s (0.236)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ft
in/s Pile: P55 SH PART 5 - 3: # 49+12%
0.20 ACC-E, HAWS
2LB HAMMER
9/30/2021 3: 52: 22 PM
0.10---------------1------1---�--- 2W 7.40 ft 790.5 Hz
0.00
x 21.00 UD=34 (D=14 in)
-0.10 40.00 ft (11700 ft/s).111 in/s (0.166)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 ft
0.1 s
in/s Pile: P63 SH PART 5 - 3: # 44-7% ACC-S, HAM-N, WT 2.0 LB
14' 40FT 2LB
9/30/2021 5: 17: 03 PM
0.08 ___--i--y--�-- ��___�___�-__r__1__y__�__ 2W 4.72 ft 1234.1 Hz
0.00
UD=30 (D=15.8 in)
-0.08 40.00 ft (11650 ft/s)� V+ 0.138 in/s (0.154)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 ft
0.40
in/s Pile: P71 SH PART 2 - 3: # 22 ACC-E, HAWS
14" 40FT 2LB HAMMER
9/30/2021 4: 02:43 PM
0.20 ___ _______y___�-__1___�-__1___�__1___� 2W 10.00 ft 590.O Hz
0.00
x 8.00 UD=34 (D=14 in)
-0.20 40.00 ft (11800 ft/s)- V+ 0.310 in/s (0.586)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 ft
Pile Dynamics, Inc. - Demo Version
10/6/2021
FT PIERCE CONDO
CA ... \Downloads\FT PIERCE CONDO WKC.PIT
PIT-W 2009-2
in/s Pile: P88 SH PART 10 - 3: # 7+11 °k
0.40
ACPC, HAM-E, WT 2.0 LB
14'40FT 2LB
9/30/2021 5: 24: 12 PM
0.20
'—I
I — —--1-----_�---y---�_—'---t---i___
2W 8.06 ft 735.1 Hz
0.00
x 10.00 UD=34 (D=14 in)
-0.20
40.00 ft (11850 ft/s)— V+ 0.299 in/s (0.389)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
40 45 ft
in/s Pile: P128 SH PART 9 - 3: # 20+5°k
0.20
ACC-E, HAM-C, WT 2.0 LB
14" 40FT 2LB HAMMER
9/30/2021 4: 21:53 PM
0.10
—'—
— ___i___1___i___1___I�__�___1__
li___1
2W 10.00 ft 581.5 Hz
0.00
x 14.00 UD=34
(D=14 in)
-0.10
40.00 ft (11630 ft/s)� V+ 0.165 in/s (0.277)
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
45 50 ft
Headquarters
11345 U.S. Highway 1
Sebastian, FL. 32958
Orlando
723 Progress Way
Sanford, FL. 32771
David Gilman
Cardinal Ocean Development, LLC
P.O. Box 643328
Vero Beach, Fl 32964
Re: Pile Installation Inspection
Southern Condominium
4804 N. Highway AlA
Fort Pierce, Florida
KSM Project #: 217449-pile
To Whom it May Concern:
ENGINEERING
AND TESTING
Mailing
P.O. Box 78-1377
Sebastian, FL. 32978
Phone: 772-589-0712
C.A.# 5693
KSMengineering.net
September 20, 2021
As requested, representatives from KSM Engineering and Testing (KSM hereinafter) were
present during the installation of the (128) auger -cast -piles for the proposed condominium at the
above referenced site from August 23rd through September 16', 2021 to observe the construction
of the piles as per the provided Stirling and Wilbur Engineering Group construction documents
dated 12/10/18.
Information Gathered during Observation - During the construction process, KSM recorded the
following information for each pile location; pile diameter, reinforcement, time installed, concrete
truck number and pump strokes.
The following information has been determined for the auger -cast -pilings installed at the above
referenced project. The auger used during pile installation has been confirmed to be 14" in
diameter and approximately 40' in length.
Pile Specifications and Volume Calculations
pile
np
Pump Strokes
Pump Strokes
Diameter
Pile Length
Calibration on
Required for 100%
Required for 110%
Pile Volume
Pile Volume
Approximately
0.613
14"
40'
CF/Stroke
70 strokes
77 strokes
Per the provided construction drawings, piles within the same pile group are typically spaced
from 3 to 4 feet center -to -center. KSM generally recommends a minimum time period of 12 hours
be specified for the installation of piles within 5 feet, center -to-center of each other. This
recommendation was verbally communicated to the onsite client representative at the time of
pilling construction; however, it generally has not been followed during pilling installation.
In order to be in compliance with the recommendations listed by the Deep Foundation Institute,
pile grout intake must be equal to at least 77 strokes. KSM verbally communicated to the onsite
client representative, as well as the pile installation contractor, when pump strokes for individual
piles failed to meet the 77-stroke threshold. Based on the data obtained from the previously
installed auger cast piles, we believe that the installed piles which contain less than 100% grout
volume may be undersized and therefore may not be in compliance with the project
specifications.
Page 1 of 7
Headquar
ers
11345 U.S. Highway 1
IV C Ik t
ENGINEERING
P.O. Box Mailing
Orlando Sebastian, FL. 32958
j�
AND
TESTING
Sebastian, FL.
Phone: 772 589-07 2
723 Progress Way
C.A.# 5693
Sanford, FL. 32771
KSMengineering.net
The following table gives our estimate of the number of piles with the percentage of volume.
Grout Volume Breakdown
Piles Meeting 110%
Grout Volume
Piles Containing Between 110%
and 100% Grout Volume
Piles containing Less than
100% Grout Volume
43
28
57
Special Note 1 - The attached location plan shows a pile located between Pile-121 and Pile-117
(near the southwest corner of the proposed structure). Per a conversation with the onsite client
representative, the pile in question was removed from the final foundation plan. KSM has not
been provided with an updated pile layout construction drawing at the time of this report
(9/20/21).
Special Note 2 — The in -field survey stakes used to mark the pile locations were generally
obstructed by the large amount of grout/soil spoil which is present on the surface of the site.
Because of this, the locations of the buried survey stakes were approximated by the onsite client
representative and pile installation contractor through the use of hand -measurement tools, with
previously installed adjacent piles used as reference points. The accuracy of this method of
determining the pile location(s) may be insufficient to meet the tolerances listed by the Deep
Foundation Institute (± 3 inches).
Please find Pile Data along with the Location Plan used during our observation.
We recommend performing pile integrity testing to determine the installed piles conformance
with the project specifications. Pending the results of the pile integrity investigation, additional
testing such as pile load tests may be required to determine the adequacy of the installed piles to
support the proposed Condominium.
We are pleased to be of assistance to you on this phase of your project. If you have any
questions, please feel free to contact the office.
Respectfully,
Julie E. Keller, P.E. Maitland Melnyk, E.I.
Geotechnical President Geotechnical Engineer
Florida Lie. No. 68366 Florida Lie. No. 1100024241
9/21/2021 9/21/2021
Email To: ocean4804@aol.com Bstirling@stirlingwilbur.com
Page 2 of 7
Headquarters
11345 U.S. Highway 1
Sebastian, FL. 32958
Orlando
723 Progress Way
Sanford, FL. 32771
Pile Installation Inspection
4804 N. Hwy AIA
Ft. Pierce, Florida
ENGINEERING
AND TESTING
Mailing
P.O. Box 78-1377
Sebastian, FL. 32978
Phone: 772-589-0712
C.A. # 5693
KSMengineering.net
Date Installed: 08/23/21-09/16/21
KSM Project #: 217197-pile
Pile Location
(See Location
Plan)
Pile
Diameter
Pile
Length
Pile
Reinforcement
Pump
Strokes
Truck
No.
Time
Installed
August 23rd, 2021
1
14"
40'
(1) #8 vertical, full length,
(4) #6 vertical, to 18' #3 ties
@ 12" o.c., to 15'
80
2108
12:35
2
71
2108
1:00
3
86
649
2:08
4
84
649
2:26
5
81
649
2:46
6
75
2108
4:10
7
80
2108
4:26
8
81
2108
4:50
August 241h, 2021
9
80
638
10:45
10
81
638
11:09
11
85
638
11:29
12
80
638
11:55
13
82
649
12:15
14
80
649
12:35
15
1
76
649
12:54
16
79
649
1:14
17
78
631
1:45
18
80
631
2:05
19
79
631
2:28
20
78
631
2:50
August 25th, 2021
21
77
616
12:05
22
86
616
12:25
23
85
616
12:50
24
86
616
1:10
25
87
469
1:43
August 261h, 2021
26
71
427
NA
26
(partial redrill)
11
427
2:00
Page 3 of 7
Headquarters
11345 U.S. Highway 1
Sebastian, FL. 32958
Orlando
723 Progress Way
Sanford, FL. 32771
Pile Installation Inspection
4804 N. Hwy AIA
Ft. Pierce, Florida
ENGINEERING
AND TESTING
Mailing
P.O. Box 78-1377
Sebastian, FL. 32978
Phone: 772-589-0712
C.A. # 5693
KSMengineering.net
Date Installed: 08/23/21-09/16/21
KSM Project #: 217197-pile
Pile Location
(See Location
Plan)
Pile
Diameter
Pile
Length
Pile
Reinforcement
Pump
Strokes
Truck
No.
Time
Installed
August 27th, 2021
26
(redrill)
14"
40'
(1) #8 vertical, full length,
(4) #6 vertical, to 18' #3 ties
@ 12" o.c., to 15'
79
427
1:10
27
80
427
1:30
28
79
427
1:45
29
80
427
2:05
30
78
437
2:26
31
87
437
2:42
32
88
437
2:58
33
81
437
3:20
August 30th, 2021
34 14"
40'
73
2108
12:36
35 11
11
80
2108
12:57
September 2"d, 2021
36
14"
40'
1172
429
11:27
37
70
429
11:45
38
79
429
12:15
39
91
429/178
12:41
40
63
179
1:02
41
68
178
1:17
42
77
178
1:46
43
72
432
2:04
44
84
432
5:22
45
63
432
5:40
46
68
432
5:57
47
66
432
6:12
September 3rd, 2021
48
14"
40"
70
175
9:53
49
77
175
10:08
50
72
175
10:23
51
71
175
10A0
52
69
645
10:56
Page 4 of 7
Headquarters
11345 U.S. Highway 1
Sebastian, FL. 32958
Orlando
723 Progress Way
Sanford, FL. 32771
Pile Installation Inspection
4804 N. Hwy AIA
Ft. Pierce, Florida
ENGINEERING
AND TESTING
Mailing
P.O. Box 78-1377
Sebastian, FL. 32978
Phone: 772-589-0712
C.A. # 5693
KSMengineering.net
Date Installed: 08/23/21-09/16/21
KSM Project #: 217197-pile
Pile Location
(See Location
Plan)
Pile
Diameter
Pile
Length
Pile
Reinforcement
Pump
Strokes
Truck
No.
Time
Installed
September 3rd, 2021 (cont.)
53
(1) #8 vertical, full length,
(4) #6 vertical, to 18' #3 ties
@ 12" o.c., to 15'
68
645
11:18
54
75
645
11:38
55
49
662
NA
55 (redrill)
61
662
12:10
56
80
662
12:29
57
74
662
12:47
September 8th, 2021
58
14"
40'
1160
649
NA
58
(partial redrill)
9
649
2:16
59
80
649
2:33
60
80
649
2:47
61
77
649/432
3:05
62
64
432
3:29
63
81
432
3:41
64
82
432
3:55
65
75
633
4:10
66
76
633
4:27
67
72
633
4:42
68
78
633
4:57
September 9th, 2021
69
14"
40'
1174
682
10:48
70
70
682
11:02
71
66
682
11:14
72
68
682
11:27
73
72
2107
11:56
74
61
2107
12:08
75
65
2107
1 12:21
76
76
2107
12:36
77
71
172
1:34
78
73
172
1:51
79
70
172
2:04
80
76
172
2:16
Page 5 of 7
Headquarters
11345 U.S. Highway 1
Sebastian, FL. 32958
Orlando
723 Progress Way
Sanford, FL. 32771
Pile Installation Inspection
4804 N. Hwy AIA
Ft. Pierce, Florida
ENGINEERING
AND TESTING
Mailing
P.O. Box 78-1377
Sebastian, FL. 32978
Phone: 772-589-0712
C.A. # 5693
KSMengineering.net
Date Installed: 08/21/23-09/16/21
KSM Project #: 217197-pile
Pile Location
(See Location
Plan)
Pile
Diameter
Pile
Length
Pile
Reinforcement
Pump
Strokes
Truck
No.
Time
Installed
September 101h, 2021
81
14"
40'
(1) #8 vertical, full length,
(4) #6 vertical, to 18' #3 ties
@ 12" o.c., to 15'
69
178
10:57
82
73
178
11:28
September 13th, 2021
83
14"
40'
1164
631
10:37
84
68
631
NA
84
(partial redrill)
21
631
11:07
85
62
631
NA
85
(partial redrill)
22
631
11:30
86
74
633
11:54
87
62
633
12:17
88
64
633
12:34
89
65
633
12:53
90
62
427
1:17
91
60
427
1:37
92
62
427
1:58
93
65
2108
2:20
94
73
2108
2:44
95
73
2108
3:07
September 14th, 2021
96
14"
40'
1153
2115
10:36
97
61
2115
10:56
98
56
2115
11:14
99
37
2115
NA
99
(partial redrill)
24
2115
11:44
100
50
437
12:07
101
52
437
NA
101
(partial redrill)
10
437
12:45
102
54
437
1:06
103
55
437
1:26
Page 6 of 7
Headquarters
11345 U.S. Highway 1
Sebastian, FL. 32958
Orlando
723 Progress Way
Sanford, FL. 32771
Pile Installation Inspection
4804 N. Hwy AIA
Ft. Pierce, Florida
ENGINEERING
AND TESTING
Mailing
P.O. Box 78-1377
Sebastian, FL. 32978
Phone: 772-589-0712
C.A. # 5693
KSMengineering.net
Date Installed: 08/23/21-09/16/21
KSM Project #: 217197-pile
Pile Location
(See Location
Plan)
Pile
Diameter
Pile
Length
Pile
Reinforcement
Pump
Strokes
Truck
No.
Time
Installed
September 141h, 2021 (cont.)
104
14"
40'
(1) #8 vertical, full length,
(4) #6 vertical, to 18' #3 ties
@ 12" o.c., to 15'
56
633
1:44
105
66
633
2:06
106
61
633
2:26
107
63
633
2:46
108
65
166
3:27
109
59
166
3:47
110
70
116
4:10
September 15th, 2021
111
14"
40'
1157
633
9:51
112
61
633
10:02
113
66
633
10:30
114
58
633
10:52
115
47
649
NA
115 (redrill)
50
649
11:43
116
50
649
12:04
117
56
649
12:24
118
61
2115
1:12
119
58
2115
1:32
120
63
2115
1:57
121
59
448
NA
121
(partial redrill)
8
448
2:28
122
60
448
2:47
123
65
448
3:09
124
66
448
3:26
September 161h, 2021
125
14"
40'
1159
633
NA
125 (redrill)
7
633
10:30
126
68
633
10:55
127
65
633
11:16
128
61
633
11:36
Notes: 1. Grout Strength 28 Days Compressive Strength — 5,000 PSI minimum
2. 1 Pump Stroke = 0.613 cu. ft. of Grout
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