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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSPECIFICATIONSDesignation: C 936 - 01 U ju'I'/ INTERN4TIONAL Standard Specification for SCANNED BY St. Lucie Countv L paw I R$Y l'° 1. Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units' This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 936: the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reappmval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope 1.1 This specification covers the requirements for interlock- ing concrete pavers manufactured for the construction of paved surfaces. 1.2 When particular features are desired, such as weight classification, higher compressive strength, surface textures, finish, color, or other special features, such properties should be specified by the purchaser. Local sellers, however, should be consulted as to availability of units having the desired features. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTMStandards: C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates' C 67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile C 140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units3 C 150 Specification for Portland Cement4 C 207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur- poses' C 260 Specification for Air -Entraining Admixtures for Con- crete' C 331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Con- crete Masonry Units2 C 418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by Sandblasting C 494/C 494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete' C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements4 C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete C 979 Specification for Pigments of Integrally Colored Concrete 1 This specification is tinder thejurisdiction ofAS7M Committee C27 on Precast Concrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.20 on Architectural and structural Products. Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2001. Published January 2002. Originally published as C 936-82. Last previous edition C 936-96. a Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. 3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05. 4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. C 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast -Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars C 1240 Specification for Use of Silica Fu1ne as a Mineral Admixture in Hydraulic -Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout2 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 architectural finishes -surface modified by mechani- cal means such as blasting, hammering, polishing, tumbling, washing, or other methods. 4. Materials 4.1 Cementitious Materials shall conform to the following applicable ASTM specifications: 4.1.1 Portland Cements -Specification C 150. 4.1.2 Blended Cements -Specification C 595, Types IS or IP. 4.1.3 Hydrated Lime, Type S-Specification C 207. 4.1.4 Fly Ash -Specification C 618. 4.1.5 Ground Slag -Specification C 989. 4.1.6 Silica Fume -Specification C 1240. 4.2 Aggregates shall conform to the following ASTM specifications, except that grading requirements shall not necessarily apply: 4.2.1 Normal Weight -Specification C 33. 4.2.2 Lightweight -Specification C 331. 4.3 Chemical Admixtures shall conform to the following applicable ASTM specifications: 4.3.1 Air -entraining Admixtures -Specification C 260. 4.3.2 Water -reducing, Retarding, and Accelerating Admixtures -Specification C 494/C 494M. 4.3.3 Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete - Specification C 979. 4.4 Other Constituents -Integral water repellents, and other materials for which no ASTM standards exist, shall be previ- ously established as suitable for use in concrete or shall be shown by test or experience not to be detrimental to the concrete. 5. Physical Requirements 5.1 Units shall have an exposed face area <0.065 m2 (101 in.2), and their overall length divided by thickness shall be s4. The minimum thickness shall be 60 min (2.36 in.). See Fig. 1. 5.2 Concrete units covered by this specification may be Copyright ®ASTM International, 100 Ban Harbor Drive. PO Box C700. West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. 0 C 936 LESS FIG. 1 Length, Width, and Thickness of Concrete Paving Units rode from lightweight or normal weight aggregates or mixed lightweight and normal weight aggregates. 5.3 Compressive Strength —At the time of delivery to the work site, the average compressive strength of the test samples shall be not less than 55 MPa (8000 psi) with no individual unit less than 50 MPa (7200 psi) as required in 6.2. 5.4 Absorption —The average absorption of the test samples shall not be greater than 5 % with no individual unit greater than 7 e/n as required in 6.2. 5.5 Resistance to Freezing and Thawing —The manufac- turer shall satisfy the purchaser either by proven field perfor- mance or a laboratory freezing -and -thawing test that the paving units have adequate resistance to freezing and thawing. If a laboratory test is used, when tested in accordance with Test Methods C 67, specimens shall have no breakage and not greater than 1.0 % loss in dry mass of any individual unit when subjected to 50 cycles of freezing and thawing. This test method shall be conducted not more than 12 months prior to delivery of units. 5.6 Abrasion Resistance —When tested in accordance with Test Method C 418, specimens shall not have a greater volume loss than 15 cm'/50 cm2 (0.92 in.3/7.75 in.'). The average thickness loss shall not exceed 3 mm (0.118 in.). 5.7 Dimensional Tolerance —Length or width of units shall not differ by more than ±1.6 turn (±0.063 in.) from approved samples. Heights of units shall not differ more than -t3.2 run (±0.125 in.) the specified standard dimension. All tests shall be performed as required in 6.2. Units shall meet dimensional tolerances prior to the application of architectural finishes. 6. Sampling and Testing 6.1 The purchaser or his authorized representative shall be accorded proper facilities to inspect and sample the units at the place of manufacture from the lots ready for delivery. 6.2 Sample and test units in accordance with Test Methods C 140, except as required in 5.5. Units tested in compression shall be whole. If the testing machine does not have sufficient force to break a whole unit, then the unit shall be cut in half along the shortest axis and one half tested. Units with protrud- ing, smaller ends shall have the ends saw cut and the remaining larger pieces tested. This specimen shall be symmetrical about two axes. 7. Visual Inspection 7.1 All units shall be sound and free of defects that would interfere with the proper placing of the units or impair the strength or performance of the construction. Minor cracks incidental to the usual methods of manufacture or minor chipping resulting from customary methods of handling in shipment and delivery shall not be deemed grounds for rejection. 8. Rejection 8.1 In case the shipment fails to conform to the specified requirements, the manufacturer may sort it, and new specimens shall be selected by the purchaser from the retained lot and tested at the expense of the manufacturer. In case the second set of specimens fails to conform to the test requirements, the entire lot shall be rejected. ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard ate expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent fights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at anytime by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and ifnotrevised, eitherreapproved or withdrawn. Yourcomments are invited eltherforrevision of this standard orforadditional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted byASTM International, 100 Ban Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or semiceQaastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org). 1JI LO LVVJ 1. GY VJJY JIOJJV IREVIRVIY iRl AD TA r 'aL U1.1U, Material Safety Data Sheet Identifi :Concrete unit paving products including concrete pavers, precast concrete paving slabs, concrete grid pavers, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers SECTION I Manufacturer's Name: 79-aAo-o" Emergency Telephone Number: GQU Address: Telepin ne Number For Information: -�;14A ► IG, E55-3- Sri o - 1 q Date Prepared: A y� SECTION H — HAZARDOUS INGRERIENTSANDENTIFYY IV ! ORNIATION Concrete products are mixtures of fine and coarse aggregates, cement and water. Finished products should produce no significant hazards from normal breakage. Operations that generate airborne dusts from concrete paving products may produce hazards from chemical substances present in the original ingredients. Hazardous Components: Silica, Crystalline Quartz and Cristobalite (respirable). Calcium Oxide and Nuisance Dusts (such as Portland Cement; Metal oxides, Limestone and other Calcium compounds) Specific Chemical Identity: Silica Dioxide SiO2 (CAS 14808-60-7), Calcium Oxide (CAS 1305-78-8), Portland Cement (CAS 65997-15-1). Aluminum Oxide (CA$ 1344-28-1), Iron Oxide (CAS 1309-37-1), Calcium Carbonate (CAS 1317-65-3), Calcium Hydroxide (GAS 1305-62-0), Calcium Silicate (CAS 1344-95-2) Common Ingredients: Silica, Flint, Crystalline Free Silica, Quartz, Ground Silica, Silica Flour, Fly Ash, Cement, Rock, Gravel; Sand, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Iron ore. Admixtures and pigments are used in certain types of and colors of concrete unit paving products. However, the percent weight of the additives is not expected to exceed 1 % of a typical concrete paving product. The additives are not expected to have any effect on the hazards presented by the use of these products. To obtain Material Safety Data. Sheets for the additives for a specific formula, request them from the supplier. Note- Chromium may be present as a trace contaminant in Portland cement at concentrations below applicable Hazard Communication Standard (I-ICS) reporting thresholds for MSDSs. Chromium compounds have been linked with cases of dermal sensitization and a]lergic contact dermatitis. See Sections VI and ViJ for additional information on health hazards and controls for concrete paving products. 1 r , -: Designation: C 902 - 07 MOgf Standard Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick' This standard is issued under the fixed designation C907- the number immediately following the designation indicates rile year of original adopfion or, in the case of rcvlston, the year of last recision. A number in parentheses indicates the year, of last rrapproval. A superscript epsilon (c) indicates an editorial change since the last envision or reapproval. 1. Scope* 1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use as paving material subjected to pedestrian and light vebicular traffic. The units are designed for use in pedestrian applications and vehicular areas that are subjected to low volumes of vehicular traffic, such as residential driveways and streets and commercial driveways (passenger drop-offs). The units are not intended to support heavy vehicular traffic covered by Speci- fication C 1272 or for industrial applications covered by Specification C 410. Nora I —Heavy vehicular traffic is defined as high volumes of heavy vehicles (trucks having 3 or more axles) in Specification C 1272, 1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brick extracted from masonry structures for determining conform- ance or nonconformance to the property requimmeats (Section 4) of this specification is beyond the scope of this specification. 1.3 Brick are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must .develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirement of this specification (see firing, fired bond, and incipient fusion in Terminology C 43). 1.4 The brick are available in a variety of sizes, colors, and shapes. They are available in three classes according to exposure environment and three types according to type of traffic exposure. 1.5 The values stated in inch -pound units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 AS7M Standards: 2 C 43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products r This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co"Junce C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the dire<l responsibility of Subcomminec C15.021 on Brick and Structure] Clay Tile. Current edit:.. approved July 15, 2007. Published July 2007. OrigimOy apprgred fa 1979. fast previous edid.n approved is 2006 as C 901-06. ' For arerwced AST7, standarcl . visit the ASTM website, umvmuca.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service a service©asao.org. For Annual Back ofASTM Srandan* volume infatuation, refer to the standard's Doctunent Smlonary pace on the ASTM svebsile. C 67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile C 88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate C 410 Specification for Industrial Floor Brick C 418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by Sandblasting - C 1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick 3. Classification 3.1 Light traffic paving brick are classified according to the severity of their use -environment Two types of environment are considered: (1) weather and (2) traffic: 3.1.1 Breather. Weathering resistance is specified by one of three classes. When the Class is not specified, the requirements for Class SC shall govern. 3.1.1.1 Class SX—Brick intended for use where the brick may be frozen while saturated with water. 3.1.1.2 Class MX--Brick intended for exterior use where resistance to freezing is not a factor. 3.11.3 Class NX—Brick not intended for exterior use but which may be acceptable for interior use where protected from freezing when wet. Nam 2—A surface coating may be applied to any class abrick of this standard when protected from freezing while wet. The function of the coming is to prevent penetration of dirt or liquids into the pores of the brick. Coatings should be applied only after compleie dryin@ of the paving. 3.12 Traffic. Abrasion resistance is specified by one of three types. When the Type is not specified the requirements for Type 11 govem. 3.1.2.1 Type 1--Brick subjected to extensive abrasion. Nora 3—Type I pavers would be used in such places as sidewalk and driveways in publicly occupied spaces. 3.12.2 Tipe 11—Brick subjected to intermediate abrasion. No-m 4—Type Il pavers would be used in such places as heavily traveled residential walkways and residential driveways. 3.1.2.3 Type )II —Brick subjected to low abrasion. Nam Type M pavers would be used in such places as floors or patios in single-family homes. eA Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright ®AST Intemati.nal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive. PO Box L7W, Wes fbnshohock¢n, PA 1942a-29a9. United Slates. Designation 0 C 902 — 07 TABLE r Freeze Thaw Resistance Property Requirements Compressive Strength, flanvise, gross area, min, Individual Class MX 3000 (20.7) 2500 Class NX 3000 (20.7) 25M Cold Water Absorption, max, b veeage of 5 Individual 14.0 17.0 o limit no limit A The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion In mom temperature water to that after 5-h 4. Physical Properties 4.1 Freeze Thaw Resistance Use one of the following methods: 4.1.1 Physical Properly Requirements —The brick shall conform to the physical requirements for the class specified as prescribed in Table 1. 4.1.1.1 Absorption Alternative If the average water ab- sorption is less than 6.0 % after 24-h submersion in room - temperature water, the requirement for saturation coefficient shall be waived. 4.1.2 Freezing and Thawing Test Alternative —The require- ments for water absorption (24-h cold) and saturation coeffi- cient specified in 4.1.1 shall be waived provided a sample of five brick, meeting all other requirements, passes the freezing and thawing test as described in the Rating section of the Freezing and Thawing procedures of Test Methods C 67 with no breakage and not greater than 0.5 % loss in dry weight of any individual unit Norm 6-9be 50 cycle freezing and thawing fast is specified only as an alternative when brick do not conform to either Table 1 requirements for maximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, or to the restrictive absorption requirements in 4.1.1.1. 4.1.2.1 Sulfate Soundness Test Alternative —The require- ments for water absorption (24-h cold) and saturation coeffi- cient specified in 4.1.1 shall not be required if a sample of five brick survives 15 cycles of the sulfate soundness test in accordance with Sections 4, 5, and 8 of Test Method C 88 with no visible damage. Nora 7-1he sulfate soundness test is an optional substitute test for the freezing -and -thawing test (4.1.2). 4.1.3 Performance Alternative —If information on the per- formance of the units in a similar application of similar exposure and traffic is furnished by the manufacturer or his agent and is found acceptable by the specifier of the pavement material, or his agent, the physical requirements in 4.1.1 may be. waived. 4.1.4 Molded Brick (Soft Mud, Semi-Diy Pressed, and Dry Pressed Brick) —The requirements listed in Table _ 1 shall be changed -for molded brick to permit maximum absorption of 16.0 % average and 18.0 c7o individual, and minimum compres- sive strengths of 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) average and 3500 psi (24.1 MPa) individual for Class SX, provided that the require- ments for saturation coefficient of Table 1 are met Noss 8--The msLamm of brick to weathering cannot be predicted with complete assurance at tho present state of knowledge. There is no known test that can predict weathering resistance with complete accuracy. Brick in general it superior in weathering resistance to other building materials. There are innumerable instances of satisfactory performance beyond 200 years and even into the thousands of years. Nevertheless, Saturation Coefficient, maxA rage of 5 Ind'rvldual no limit no limit no limit no Omit n in boiling water. there are some brick that cannotsusvive a few winters of a severe freezing and thawing environment. The durability requirements of the specification attempt to exclude such brick. This specification utilizes the best knowledge available at this time and is based on extensive research by several investigators. The durability requirements have an excellent correlation with to -use Performance. Nevertheless, it is known that some brick that meet this specification may not be serviceable in severe climates. Furthermore, other brick that do not meet these specifications may show superior serviceability in the most severe climate. The best indication of bdek durability is its service experience record. 4.2 Abrasion Resistance —The brick shall meet the require- ments of either column (1) or (2) of Table 2 fdr the applicable traffic use (see 3.1.2).3 Nate 9—Skidhlip resistance should be considered bythe purchmerfor uses ofbrickwhem pedestrian traffic is anticipated. Methods of testing this characteristic are under sandy and it is hoped that a specification for this property can be added in future revisions of this standard when suitable test methods are developed. S. Effiorescence 5.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence to comply with this specification unless requested by the specifier or purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by the specifier or purchaser, the brick shall be -sampled at the place of manufacture, and tested in accordance with TestMethods C 67, and a rating for efflorescence shall be "not effloresced." If the rating for efflorescence is "effloresced," the brick represented by the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements of this specification. 6. Size and Tolerances 6.1 The size of the brick shall be as specified by the purchaser or produced by the manufacturer as a stock item. 6.2 The tolerances on dimension and warpage shall depend on the application specified. When the application is not specified, the requirements for Application PS shall govern. 62..1 Application PS —Paving brick intended for general use and installed with a mortar joint between individual units, or in an installation without mortar joints between units when they are laid in marring or other bonds not requiring extremely close dimensional tolerances. 6.22 Application P%Paving brick intended for installa- tion without mortar joints between the units, where exception- ally close dimensional tolerances are required as a result of special bond patterns or unusual construction requirements. e McBurneg J. W., Brief; R. H., Eberle, A. R., Relation of Water Absorption and Strength of Brick to Abrasive Resistance;' Proceedings, ASTM. Vol 40, 1940, pp. 1143-1151. ,: ,err C902-07 TABLE 2 Abrasion Resistance Property RequirementsA Abrasion Index,' max Volume Abrasion Loss,' max, cm'/cme Type 1 0.11 1.7 Type II 0.25 2.7 Type III 0.50 4.0 A Select the sample according to the sampling procedure of Test Methods C 67. The brick shall meet the requirements of either column (1) or (2). The values listed shall not be exceeded by any individual unit within the sample. The abrasion Index Is calculated from the cold absorption In percent and the compressive strength in pounds per square inch as follows: Abrasion Index - 100 x absorption t1) compressive surangth Compressive strength values are Influenced by specimen shape (particularly the height to width ratio of the test specmen). Therefore, a shape, is specified which conforms to the data on which the abrasion index is based.' The compressive strength shall be determined on specimens measuring 3rle by 37h by 2%4 In. ee 1/4 In. (98 by 98 by 57 man ± 6 mm) for length, width, and height respectively. The brick shall be without core holes, other perforations or frogs. Other shaped specimens may be wed provided that the producer submits evidence acceptable to the purchaser that the change in shape gives equivalent strength results to those of the specified shape. The abrasion resistance should be determined according to Column 2 In those cases where the procedural requirements for compressive strength cannot be met cThe volume abrasion loss shall be determined In accordance Mth Test Method C 418, with the following changes In procedure: (1) The sand shall be a natural silica sand from Ottawa, It, graded to pass a No. 50 (300-pm) slave and retained on a No. 100 (150-pm) slave. (2) The test shall be run on dry brick (3) The duration of the test shall be 2 min. (4) The rate of sand flow shall be 400 g/min. (5) The volume loss shall be deletmNed by filling the abraded depression with modeling day, striking off level with the original surface of the back, and removing and weighing the modeling clay. The volume loss shall be calculated from the bulk density of the modeling clay. The bulk density shall be determined on each lot of modeling clay. An alternative method of determining the weight of clay used in fifng the sand- blast cavity Isto determine the weighlol the modeling clay samplebefore and after filling the cavity. TABLE 3 Tolerances on Distortion Specified Dimension Permissible Distortion, max In. (mm) In. (min) Appllcallon PX Applcation PS 8 (203) and under Me (1.6) but (2.4) Over 8 (203) to 12 (305) V. (2.4) Ye (3.2) Over 12 (305) to 16 (405) 'A (32) %2 (4.0) 6.2.3 Application PA -Paving brick manufactured and se- lected to produce characteristic architectural effects resulting from nonuniformity in size, color, and texture of individual units. (The textures may exhibit inclusion of nonuniform nodules of mineral substances or purposely introduced cracks that enhance the appearance of the units.) The requirements on warpage and dimensional tolerances as specified in 6.3 and 6.4 do not apply to this application. 6.3 Dimensional Tolerance -Brick shall not departfromthe specified size by more than the individual tolerance for the application specified as prescribed in Table 4. TABLE 4 Tolerances on Dimensions Maximum Permissible Vacation from Specified Dimension, plus or minus Dimension, in. (min) in. (mm) Application Application Application PS PX PA 3 (76) and under 'A (32) 'Aa (1.6) no limit Over 3 to 5 (76 to 127) Intl %s (4.7) %e (2.4) no limit Over 5 to 8 (127 to 203) incl ''A (6.4) fie (3.2) no limit Over 8 (203) eAe'(7.9) riu (5.6) no limit 6.4 Warpage -The concave and convex warpage (distor. tion) of any face intended to be the exposed surface or edge of the paving shall not exceed the values of Table 3 when sampled and treasured in accordance with Test Methods C 67. 7. Material and Finish 7.1 If brick having a particular color, color range, or texture are desired, these features shall be specified separately by the purchaser. The texture of the finished face shall conform to an approved sample consisting of not less than four brick, each representing the texture desired. The color range shall be, indicated by the approved sample. 7.2 The brick shall be free of cracks or other imperfections detracting from the appearance of a designated sample when viewed from a distance of 15 ft (4.6 m) for Application PX and a distance of 20 ft (6 m) for Application PS. 7.3 The parts of the brick that will be exposed in place shall be free of chips that exceed the limits given in Table 5. 7.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller, a delivery of brick shall contain not more than 5 9xo brick that do not meet the combined requirements of Tables 4-5, including broken brick. 7.5 After brick are placed in usage the manufacturer or tlhe manufacturer's agent shall not be held responsible for compli- ance of brick with the requirements of this specification for chippage and tolerances. 8. Sampling and Testing 8.1 The brick shall be sampled and tested in accordance with applicable sections in Test Methods C 67. 8.2 The manufacturer or the seller shall furnish specimens for tests. The place or places of selection shall be designated when the purchase order is placed. Non 10-Unless othcrwae specified in the purchase order, the cost of the tests is typically borne as follows: If the results of the fists show that the brick do not conform to the requirements of this specification, the cost is typically bcme by the seller. If the results of the tests show that the brick do conform to. the requirements of the specification, the cost is typically borne by the purchaser. 9. Keywords 9.1 brick; fired masonry unit; light traffic; paving; pedes- trian traffic / - . VEHICULAR PAVER SPECIFICATION There is often misunderstanding on what type of paving units are required for applications with truck traffic. Project specifiers will often mistakenly assume that C1272 paving units are required on all applications with any truck traffic. This is not always true. In many instances C902 paving units will meet the project requirements. The standard for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick ASTM C-1272 is intended for paving applications which receive a combination of both heavy vehicles and heavy volume. In order to make the intended scope of this standard more clear the ASTM Task Group for paving has recently revised the standard to more accurately define heavy vehicular traffic. The current standard requires the use of heavy vehicular pavers only when traffic volume exceeds 251 daily equivalent single axle loads (ESAL). An ESAL, as defined by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) represents the passage of an axle of any mass (load) by a number of 18,000-pound equivalent axle loads. Axle loads from specific vehicles such as passenger car or a semi - tractor trailer are converted to ESAL's using an equivalency factor (EF). The following is an example for a two-lane flexible pavement in an urban area with daily traffic levels that would represent an ESAL level of 250. Vehicle Type Daily Traffic EF ESAL Cars 10,000 0.0008 8 Pickups 350 0.013 4.5 Buses 170 0.69 117.3 Delivery Trucks 50 1.48 74 Semi -Trucks 20 2.31 46.2 ESAL 250 The actual equivalency factors and above computations would vary depending on the specific parameters of a project such as serviceability and structural design requirements, frost and drainage considerations but the example serves to illustrate typical daily traffic volumes corresponding to an ESAL of 250. Tech Bulletin —Vehicular Paver Specification-pdf 02/IS/OS `i w Aggregates Base Stone ASTM D 2940 DOT Road Base Drainage Sand — Setting Base ASTM C 33 Course Concrete Sand Sand - Jointing ASTM C 144 Masonry Sand (Use after initial compaction with concrete'sand) Slope surface a minimum of 1/4" per foot (2% slope) for adequate water run-off and drainage. Geotextile Prevents aggregates from mixing or migrating into base. Recommended for soft clay base materials. Cutting Pavers Wet saw is recommended; splitters are okay for smaller jobs. Estimating Materials Sub Base Aggregate 3/4" crusher run. For every 100 sq. ft. of area figure 2 tons material for4" thick base. Setting Sand / Bed Sand For every 125 sq. ft. of area figure 1 ton of sand forjointing and 1" thick setting bed. 3- Tech —Bulletin —Concrete Paving Systems.doc 03/31/OB